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- @node Geography (Malaysia)
- @section Geography (Malaysia)
-
- @display
-
- Location:
- Southeast Asia, bordering the South China Sea, between Vietnam and Indonesia
- Map references:
- Asia, Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World
- Area:
- total area:
- 329,750 km2
- land area:
- 328,550 km2
- comparative area:
- slightly larger than New Mexico
- Land boundaries:
- total 2,669 km, Brunei 381 km, Indonesia 1,782 km, Thailand 506 km
- Coastline:
- 4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607 km)
- Maritime claims:
- continental shelf:
- 200 m depth or to depth of exploitation; specified boundary in the South
- China Sea
- exclusive fishing zone:
- 200 nm
- exclusive economic zone:
- 200 nm
- territorial sea:
- 12 nm
- International disputes:
- involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China,
- Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; State of Sabah claimed by
- the Philippines; Brunei may wish to purchase the Malaysian salient that
- divides Brunei into two parts; two islands in dispute with Singapore; two
- islands in dispute with Indonesia
- Climate:
- tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to
- February) monsoons
- Terrain: coastal plains rising to hills and mountains
- Natural resources:
- tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite
- Land use:
- arable land:
- 3%
- permanent crops:
- 10%
- meadows and pastures:
- 0%
- forest and woodland:
- 63%
- other:
- 24%
- Irrigated land:
- 3,420 km2 (1989 est.)
- Environment:
- subject to flooding; air and water pollution
- Note:
- strategic location along Strait of Malacca and southern South China Sea
-
-
-
- @end display
-
- @node People (Malaysia)
- @section People (Malaysia)
-
- @display
-
- Population:
- 18,845,340 (July 1993 est.)
- Population growth rate:
- 2.32% (1993 est.)
- Birth rate:
- 28.93 births/1,000 population (1993 est.)
- Death rate:
- 5.77 deaths/1,000 population (1993 est.)
- Net migration rate:
- 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1993 est.)
- Infant mortality rate:
- 26.5 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)
- Life expectancy at birth:
- total population:
- 68.82 years
- male:
- 65.96 years
- female:
- 71.81 years (1993 est.)
- Total fertility rate:
- 3.54 children born/woman (1993 est.)
- Nationality:
- noun:
- Malaysian(s)
- adjective:
- Malaysian
- Ethnic divisions:
- Malay and other indigenous 59%, Chinese 32%, Indian 9%
- Religions:
- Peninsular Malaysia:
- Muslim (Malays)
- Buddhist (Chinese), Hindu (Indians)
- Sabah:
- Muslim 38%
- Christian 17%, other 45%
- Sarawak:
- tribal religion 35%
- Buddhist and Confucianist 24%, Muslim 20%, Christian 16%, other 5%
- Languages:
- Peninsular Malaysia:
- Malay (official)
- English, Chinese dialects, Tamil
- State of Sabah:
- English
- Malay, numerous tribal dialects, Chinese (Mandarin and Hakka dialects
- predominate)
- State of Sarawak:
- English
- Malay, Mandarin, numerous tribal languages,
- Literacy:
- age 15 and over can read and write (1990)
- total population:
- 78%
- male:
- 86%
- female:
- 70%
- Labor force:
- 7.258 million (1991 est.)
-
-
-
- @end display
-
- @node Government (Malaysia)
- @section Government (Malaysia)
-
- @display
-
- Names:
- conventional long form:
- none
- conventional short form:
- Malaysia
- former:
- Malayan Union
- Digraph:
- MY
- Type:
- constitutional monarchy
- note:
- Federation of Malaysia formed 9 July 1963; nominally headed by the paramount
- ruler (king) and a bicameral Parliament; Peninsular Malaysian states -
- hereditary rulers in all but Melaka, where governors are appointed by
- Malaysian Pulau Pinang Government; powers of state governments are limited
- by federal Constitution; Sabah - self-governing state, holds 20 seats in
- House of Representatives, with foreign affairs, defense, internal security,
- and other powers delegated to federal government; Sarawak - self-governing
- state within Malaysia, holds 27 seats in House of Representatives, with
- foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other powers delegated to
- federal government
- Capital: Kuala Lumpur
- Administrative divisions:
- 13 states (negeri-negeri, singular - negeri) and 2 federal territories*, (wilayah-wilayah
- persekutuan, singular - wilayah persekutuan); Johor, Kedah,
- Kelantan, Labuan*, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau, Pinang, Sabah,
- Sarawak, Selangor, Terengganu, Wilayah Persekutuan*, Independence:
- 31 August 1957 (from UK)
- Constitution:
- 31 August 1957, amended 16 September 1963
- Legal system:
- based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the
- Supreme Court at request of supreme head of the federation; has not accepted
- compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
- National holiday:
- National Day, 31 August (1957)
- Political parties and leaders:
- Peninsular Malaysia:
- National Front, a confederation of 13 political parties dominated by United
- Malays National Organization Baru (UMNO Baru), MAHATHIR bin Mohamad;
- Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA), LING Liong Sik; Gerakan Rakyat
- Malaysia, Datuk LIM Keng Yaik; Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC), Datuk S.
- Samy VELLU
- Sabah:
- Berjaya Party, Datuk Haji Mohammed NOOR Mansor; Bersatu Sabah (PBS), Joseph
- Pairin KITINGAN; United Sabah National Organizaton (USNO), leader NA
- Sarawak:
- coalition Sarawak National Front composed of the Party Pesaka Bumiputra
- Bersatu (PBB), Datuk Patinggi Amar Haji Abdul TAIB Mahmud; Sarawak United
- People's Party (SUPP), Datuk Amar James WONG Soon Kai; Sarawak National
- Party (SNAP), Datuk Amar James WONG; Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak (PBDS), Datuk
- Leo MOGGIE; major opposition parties are Democratic Action Party (DAP), LIM
- Kit Siang and Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Fadzil NOOR
- Suffrage:
- 21 years of age; universal
-
-
-
- @end display
-
- @node Government (Malaysia 2. usage)
- @section Government (Malaysia 2. usage)
-
- @display
-
- Elections:
- House of Representatives:
- last held 21 October 1990 (next to be held by August 1995); results -
- National Front 52%, other 48%; seats - (180 total) National Front 127, DAP
- 20, PAS 7, independents 4, other 22; note - within the National Front, UMNO
- got 71 seats and MCA 18 seats
- Executive branch:
- paramount ruler, deputy paramount ruler, prime minister, deputy prime
- minister, Cabinet
- Legislative branch:
- bicameral Parliament (Parlimen) consists of an upper house or Senate (Dewan
- Negara) and a lower house or House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat)
- Judicial branch:
- Supreme Court
- Leaders:
- Chief of State: Paramount Ruler AZLAN Muhibbuddin Shah ibni Sultan Yusof Izzudin (since 26
- April 1989); Deputy Paramount Ruler JA'AFAR ibni Abdul Rahman (since 26
- April 1989)
- Head of Government:
- Prime Minister Dr. MAHATHIR bin Mohamad (since 16 July 1981); Deputy Prime
- Minister Abdul GHAFAR Bin Baba (since 7 May 1986)
- Member of:
- APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD,
- ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT,
- INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, MINURSO, NAM, OIC, UN, UNAVEM II, UNCTAD,
- UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMOZ, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
- Diplomatic representation in US:
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador Abdul MAJID Mohamed
- chancery:
- 2401 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
- telephone:
- (202) 328-2700
- consulates general:
- Los Angeles and New York
- US diplomatic representation:
- chief of mission:
- Ambassador John S. WOLF
- embassy:
- 376 Jalan Tun Razak, 50400 Kuala Lumpur
- mailing address:
- P. O. Box No. 10035, 50700 Kuala Lumpur
- telephone:
- [60] (3) 248-9011
- FAX:
- [60] (3) 242-2207
- Flag:
- fourteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with white
- (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a
- yellow crescent and a yellow fourteen-pointed star; the crescent and the
- star are traditional symbols of Islam; the design was based on the flag of
- the US
-
-
-
- @end display
-
- @node Economy (Malaysia)
- @section Economy (Malaysia)
-
- @display
-
- Overview:
- The Malaysian economy, a mixture of private enterprise and a soundly managed
- public sector, has posted a remarkable record of 8%-9% average growth in
- 1987-92. This growth has resulted in a substantial reduction in poverty and
- a marked rise in real wages. Despite sluggish growth in the major world
- economies in 1992, demand for Malaysian goods remained strong and foreign
- investors continued to commit large sums in the economy. The government is
- aware of the inflationary potential of this rapid development and is closely
- monitoring fiscal and monetary policies.
- National product:
- GDP - exchange rate conversion - $54.5 billion (1992 est.)
- National product real growth rate:
- 8% (1992 est.)
- National product per capita: $2,960 (1992 est.)
- Inflation rate (consumer prices):
- 4.7% (1992 est.)
- Unemployment rate:
- 4.1% (1992 est.)
- Budget:
- revenues $15.6 billion; expenditures $18.0 billion, including capital
- expenditures of $4.5 billion (1992 est.)
- Exports:
- $39.8 billion (f.o.b., 1992)
- commodities:
- electronic equipment, palm oil, petroleum and petroleum products, wood and
- wood products, rubber, textiles
- partners:
- Singapore 23%, US 18.6%, Japan 13.2%, UK 4%, Germany 4%
- Imports:
- $39.1 billion (f.o.b., 1992)
- commodities:
- food, consumer goods, petroleum products, chemicals, capital equipment
- partners:
- Japan 26%, US 15.8%, Singapore 15.7%, Taiwan 5.6%, Germany 4.2%
- External debt:
- $25.7 billion (1992 est.)
- Industrial production:
- growth rate 13% (1992); accounts for NA% of GDP
- Electricity:
- 8,000,000 kW capacity; 30,000 million kWh produced, 1,610 kWh per capita
- (1992)
- Industries:
- Peninsular Malaysia:
- rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, light manufacturing
- industry, electronics, tin mining and smelting, logging and processing
- timber
- Sabah:
- logging, petroleum production
- Sarawak:
- agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining, logging
- Agriculture:
- accounts for 20% of GDP
- Peninsular Malaysia:
- natural rubber, palm oil, rice
- Sabah:
- mainly subsistence, but also rubber, timber, coconut, rice
-
-
-
- @end display
-
- @node Economy (Malaysia 2. usage)
- @section Economy (Malaysia 2. usage)
-
- @display
-
- Sarawak:
- rubber, timber, pepper; deficit of rice in all areas; fish catch of 608,000
- metric tons in 1987
- Illicit drugs:
- transit point for Golden Triangle heroin going to the US, Western Europe,
- and the Third World
- Economic aid:
- US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-84), $170 million; Western (non-US)
- countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.7 million; OPEC
- bilateral aid (1979-89), $42 million
- Currency:
- 1 ringgit (M$) = 100 sen
- Exchange rates:
- ringgits (M$) per US$1 - 2.6238 (January 1993), 2.5475 (1992), 2.7501
- (1991), 1.7048 (1990), 2.7088 (1989), 2.6188 (1988)
- Fiscal year:
- calendar year
-
-
-
- @end display
-
- @node Communications (Malaysia)
- @section Communications (Malaysia)
-
- @display
-
- Railroads:
- Peninsular Malaysia:
- 1,665 km 1.04-meter gauge; 13 km double track, government owned
- Sabah:
- 136 km 1.000-meter gauge
- Sarawak:
- none
- Highways:
- Peninsular Malaysia:
- 23,600 km; 19,352 km hard surfaced, mostly bituminous surface treatment, and
- 4,248 km unpaved
- Sabah:
- 3,782 km
- Sarawak:
- 1,644 km
- Inland waterways:
- Peninsular Malaysia:
- 3,209 km
- Sabah:
- 1,569 km
- Sarawak:
- 2,518 km
- Pipelines:
- crude oil 1,307 km; natural gas 379 km
- Ports:
- Tanjong Kidurong, Kota Kinabalu, Kuching, Pasir Gudang, Penang, Port Kelang,
- Sandakan, Tawau
- Merchant marine:
- 184 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,869,817 GRT/2,786,765 DWT; includes
- 1 passenger-cargo, 2 short-sea passenger, 71 cargo, 28 container, 2 vehicle
- carrier, 2 roll-on/roll-off, 1 livestock carrier, 38 oil tanker, 6 chemical
- tanker, 6 liquefied gas, 27 bulk
- Airports:
- total:
- 111
- usable:
- 102
- with permanent-surface runways:
- 32
- with runways over 3,659 m:
- 1
- with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 7
- with runways 1,220-2,439 m:
- 18
- Telecommunications:
- good intercity service provided on Peninsular Malaysia mainly by microwave
- radio relay; adequate intercity microwave radio relay network between Sabah
- and Sarawak via Brunei; international service good; good coverage by radio
- and television broadcasts; 994,860 telephones (1984); broadcast stations -
- 28 AM, 3 FM, 33 TV; submarine cables extend to India and Sarawak; SEACOM
- submarine cable links to Hong Kong and Singapore; satellite earth stations -
- 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, and 2 domestic
-
-
-
- @end display
-
- @node Defense Forces (Malaysia)
- @section Defense Forces (Malaysia)
-
- @display
-
- Branches:
- Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy, Royal Malaysian Air Force, Royal
- Malaysian Police Force, Marine Police, Sarawak Border Scouts
- Manpower availability:
- males age 15-49 4,837,256; fit for military service 2,941,577; reach
- military age (21) annually 181,435 (1993 est.)
- Defense expenditures:
- exchange rate conversion - $2.4 billion, about 5% of GDP (1992)
-
-
-
- @end display
-